# Overfitting and Underfitting

Overfitting (and Underfitting) is one of the central problems of Machine Learning. Essentially, Machine Learning is the learning of a function that maps a set of inputs to an optimal set of outputs.
In the example below, a function is desired that approximates the training data (the visible set of points) and that would predict as accurately as possible a new datapoint.
Underfitting: if a too-simple function is chosen (i.e. a linear function) then our line does not adequately approximate the distribution of points. We are underfitting.
Optimal fit: ideally, a just-complex-enough function is chosen to fit the dataset. In this case, a third order polynomial function is enough to adequately describe the curve that the datapoints are in. If a new datapoint was added, it would lie relatively close to our curve.
Overfitting: if an overly complex function is chosen (i.e. a 20th order polynomial function) then we can fit ALL the training data perfectly. All the points lie on the curve. However, were a new datapoint added, this model would badly err on predicting its position.
Another example of over/under fitting:
The first function underfits, the last clearly overfits.

## How do we solve this?

If a model is underfitting the solution is simple: increasing the number of parameters (layers, nodes, etc...).
Overfitting is a slightly more complex issue to deal with. Reducing the number of parameters works, but oftentimes also brings total accuracy down. An alternative is implementing Dropout.